English Grammar Rules With Verb, Tense, Voice And Punctuation:

Verb

What Is Verb?

Definition: A verb is an action or position of a subject.

Example: He plays cricket. / I am writing a letter

On the basis of its uses verb is divided into two forms:

1. Principal Verb / Main Verb / Leading Verb / Doing Verb / Action Verb
2. Auxiliary Verb / Helping Verb / Assistance Verb / Sub-ordinate Verb

1.Principle Verb: A verb that does the real action sentence is called principle verb.

Examples:

1. She writes novels.
2. They played soccer yesterday.
3. He eats breakfast at 7 AM.
4. The cat chased the mouse.
5. She reads a book every night.
6. We visited the museum last weekend.
7. He bought a new car.
8. They run in the park every morning.
9. She sings beautifully.
10. He fixed the broken chair.

Example: I am playing cricket. (playing – P.V)

• Note (i): (P.V = Principal Verb & A.V = Auxiliary Verb)
• Note (ii): इनकी संख्या असीमित होती हैं|
• Note (iii): ध्यान रहे कि यदि किसी वाक्य में किसी भी तरह का एकमात्र Verb लगा रहे तो उसे Principle Verb के ही दायरे में रखा जाता हैं|

Example: I am a honest. (am-A.V, honest-P.V) / I have a new car. (have-P.V)

2. Auxiliary Verb: A verb that come as the assistance of principle verb in sentence is called auxiliary verb.

Examples:

She is writing a letter.

• Auxiliary Verb: is
• Principal Verb: writing

They have completed their homework.

• Auxiliary Verb: have
• Principal Verb: completed

He was running when it started to rain.

• Auxiliary Verb: was
• Principal Verb: running

Example: I am writing a letter. (am-A.V, writing-P.V) / I have bought a car.

• Note (i): ध्यान रहे कि किसी वाक्य में बिना Principle Verb का Auxiliary Verb नहीं आता हैं|
• Note (ii): इनकी संख्या मात्रा 24 होती हैं|
• Note (iii): Auxiliary Verb के 24 सदस्यों को मूलत: चार भागों में विभक्त (बाटकर) कर पड़ा जा सकता है|

Be Auxiliary Verb

• Do Auxiliary Verb
• Have Auxiliary Verb
• Model Auxiliary Verb

Auxiliary Verb	V1	V2	V3	V4	V5	No. of A.V
Be (A.V)	am / are / be	was / were	been	being	is	05
Do (A.V)	do	did	done	doing	does	03
Have (A.V)	have	had	had	having	has	03
						Total – 11

Models (A.V)	can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, use to, out to, dare not, need out, must
	Total – 13

Tense

Tense & Time

Definition: The change in verb according to time is called time and tense.

There are three types of time:

1. Present Time – The present tense is a grammatical tense used to describe actions, events, or states that are currently happening, habitual, or generally true. It is used to convey:
2. Past Time – The past tense in English is used to describe actions or states that occurred before the present moment. It includes four main forms:
3. Future Time – The future tense in English is used to describe actions or states that will occur after the present moment. It includes several forms to express different aspects of future time:

There are four types of tenses uses: Indefinite Tense Continuous Tense Perfect Tense Perfect Continuous

1. Tense with Present Time

There are 4 Type Of Present Tense

1. Present Indefinite Tense – describes habitual actions, general truths, and permanent situations. It uses the base form of the verb, with -s or -es added for third person singular subjects (he, she, it).
2. Present Continuous Tense – Describes actions that are currently ongoing or happening at the moment of speaking. It is formed with am/is/are + verb + -ing
3. Present Perfect Tense – Present Perfect Tense Describes actions that have been completed at some unspecified time before now, with relevance to the present. It is formed with has/have + past participle (V3).
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense – Present Perfect Continuous Tense Describes actions that started in the past and are still continuing or were recently completed, emphasizing the duration. It is formed with has/have + been + verb + -ing.

Present Indefinite Tense

• Positive – S + V1/V5 + O
• Negative – S + Do not/Does not +V1 + O
• Interrogative – Do/does + S + V1 + O?
• Negative Interrogative – Do/Does + S + not + V1 + O?

Examples:

1. She writes letters every day.
2. They play soccer on weekends.
3. He reads books in the evening.

Present Continuous Tense

S + is/am/are + V4 + O

Examples:

1. She is writing a letter.
2. They are playing soccer.
3. He is reading a book.

Present Perfect Tense

• Stu: S + has/have + V3 + o

Examples:

1. She has written five letters.
2. They have played soccer several times this month.
3. He has read that book already.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Stu: S + has/have + been + V4 + O + for/since + time

Examples:

1. She has been writing letters for two hours.
2. They have been playing soccer since 3 PM.
3. He has been reading the book since last week.

2. Tenses with Past Time

There Are 4 Type Of Past Tense

1. Past Indefinite Tense – Describes actions that were completed at a specific time in the past. It is formed with past form of the verb (V2).
2. Past Continuous Tense – Describes actions that were ongoing at a particular time in the past. It is formed with was/were + verb + -ing.
3. Past Perfect Tense – Describes actions that were completed before another action or time in the past. It is formed with had + past participle (V3).
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense – Describes actions that were ongoing up until a specific point in the past, emphasizing the duration. It is formed with had been + verb + -ing.

Past Indefinite Tense

• Positive – S + V₂ + O
• Interrogative – Did + S + V₁ + O
• Negative Interrogative – Did + S + not + V₁ + O?

Examples:

1. She wrote a letter yesterday.
2. They played soccer last weekend.
3. He read the book last night.

Past Continuous Tense

St: S + was/were + V4 + O

Examples:

1. She was writing a letter when I called.
2. They were playing soccer all afternoon.
3. He was reading the book when the power went out.

Past Perfect Tense

Structure: S + had + V3 + O

Examples:

1. he had written the letter before the meeting started.
2. They had played soccer before it started raining.
3. He had read the book before the discussion began.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

St: S + had been + V4 + O + for/since + time

Examples:

1. She had been writing the letter for an hour before the meeting.
2. They had been playing soccer for two hours before it started raining.
3. He had been reading the book for a week before finishing it.

3. Tenses with Future Time

There are 4 type of Future Tense

1. Future Indefinite Tense – Describes actions that will happen at a specific time in the future. It is formed with will/shall + base form of the verb (V1).
2. Future Continuous Tense – Describes actions that will be ongoing at a specific time in the future. It is formed with will be + verb + -ing.
3. Future Perfect Tense – Describes actions that will be completed before a specific point in the future. It is formed with will have + past participle (V3).
4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense – Describes actions that will be ongoing up until a specific point in the future, emphasizing the duration. It is formed with will have been + verb + -ing.

Future Indefinite Tense

Stu: S + shall/will + V₁ + O

Examples:

1. She will write a letter tomorrow.
2. They will play soccer next weekend.
3. He will read the book soon.

Future Continuous Tense

Stu: S + shall/will + be + V₄ + O

Examples:

1. She will be writing a letter at this time tomorrow.
2. They will be playing soccer next weekend.
3. He will be reading the book later.

Future Perfect Tense

Stu: S + shall/will + have + V3 + O + by/before + time

Examples:

1. She will have written the letter by tomorrow.
2. They will have played soccer by the end of the month.
3. He will have read the book by next week.

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Stu: S + shall/will + have be + V4 + O + from + time

Examples:

1. She will have been writing the letter for two hours by tomorrow.
2. They will have been playing soccer for three hours by the end of the game.
3. He will have been reading the book for a month by the time he finishes.

Voice

What Is Voice?

Definition: Voice is an art of making statement.

A statement can be make into two voices:

1. Active Voice
2. Passive Voice

Active Voice

Definition: An action in the dominance of subject is kept in active voice.

Example: Ram writes a letter.

Passive Voice

Definition: An action in the dominance of object is kept in passive voice.

Example: A letter is written by Ram.

Rule to change Active into Passive voice:

(i) Be(form) + V3 = Passive Voice

V1	V2	V3	V4	V5
Am/are/be	was/were	been	being	is

Some Important Facts

• Facts: (i) The object of active sentence becomes subject in passive.
• Facts: (iii) Be (form) + V3 makes the structure of passive voice.
• Facts: (ii) Generally the subject of an active sentence becomes by + object in passive.
• Facts: (iv) In a passive structure, the ‘Be’ form usually comes in the same form as the main verb of the active sentence.
• Facts: (v) Be / Been / Being are not used consecutively.

Change Into Active To Passive Voice

[1.] Active – Mohan plays cricket. | Passive – Cricket is played by Mohan.

[2.] Active – Mohan is playing Cricket. | Passive – Cricket is being played by Mohan.

[3.] Active – Mohan has playing Cricket. | Passive – Cricket has being playing by Mohan.

[4.] Active – Mohan has been playing Cricket. | Passive – Be (form) का क्रमागत प्रयोग नहीं होता हैं|

[5.] Active – Mohan played Cricket. | Passive – Cricket been played by Mohan.

[6.] Active – Mohan was playing Cricket. | Passive – Cricket was being played by Mohan.

[7.] Active – Mohan has playing Cricket. | Passive – Cricket had playing cricket.

[8.] Active – Mohan had been playing Cricket. | Passive – Be (form) का क्रमागत प्रयोग नहीं होता है|

[9.] Active – Mohan will paly Cricket. | Passive – Cricket will be played by Mohan.

[10.] Active – Mohan will had playing Cricket. | Passive – Cricket will had being playing by Mohan.

Punctuation

4. What Is Punctuation?

1.Period (.): Ends a sentence or indicates an abbreviation.

Example:

1. She went to the store.
2. I will call you later.
3. The meeting is scheduled for 3 PM.
4. He finished his homework.
5. Dr. Smith is our new professor.

2. Comma (,): Separates items in a list, clauses, or adjectives; used after introductory phrases.

Example:

1. I need to buy eggs, milk, bread, and cheese.
2. After the movie, we went out for dinner.
3. She wore a red, velvet dress to the party.
4. Although it was raining, we decided to go hiking.
5. My brother, who lives in New York, is visiting us next week.

3. Question Mark (?): Ends a direct question.

Example:

1. What time does the meeting start?
2. Are you coming to the party?
3. How did you solve the problem?
4. Where did I put my keys?
5. Did you finish the report?

4. Exclamation Point (!): Expresses strong emotion or emphasis.

Example:

1. Watch out for that car!
2. I can’t believe we won the game!
3. Congratulations on your promotion!
4. That’s amazing!
5. Help!

5. Colon (:): Introduces a list, a quote, or an explanation.

Example:

1. She needs the following items: eggs, milk, and bread.
2. He said: “The project is due next week.”
3. The reason is simple: we need more time.
4. These are my favorite colors: blue, green, and red.
5. Remember to bring: sunscreen, a hat, and water.

6. Semicolon (;): Links closely related independent clauses or separates items in a complex list.

Example:

1. I have a big test tomorrow; I can’t go out tonight.
2. She loves playing the guitar; her sister, on the other hand, prefers the piano.
3. The conference has attendees from New York, New York; Los Angeles, California; and Austin, Texas.
4. He is a talented musician; his skills are truly impressive.
5. We went to the park; however, it started raining shortly after we arrived.

7. Apostrophe (‘): Indicates possession or forms contractions.

Example:

1. This is Sarah’s book.
2. It’s going to rain today. (contraction of “it is”)
3. The dog wagged its tail. (no apostrophe for possessive pronoun)
4. The children’s toys were scattered everywhere.
5. She can’t attend the meeting. (contraction of “cannot”)

8. Quotation Marks (” “): Enclose direct speech or quotations.

Example:

1. “I will be there soon,” she said.
2. “The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog,” is a famous pangram.
3. He asked, “Are you coming to the party?”
4. “To be or not to be,” that is the question.
5. She replied, “I’ve already finished the report.”

9. Dash (—): Indicates a break or interruption in a sentence, or emphasizes additional i.

Example:

1. She was going to the store—until it started raining.
2. The meeting was postponed—again—due to technical issues.
3. He finally finished the project—after working on it for months.
4. The new policy—though controversial—was approved by the board.
5. I have a lot to do today—grocery shopping, cleaning, and more.

10. Parentheses (()): Enclose additional information or clarifications.

Example:

1. He finally answered (after taking five minutes to think).
2. The restaurant (which is new in town) has great reviews.
3. She bought several items (including a new phone and a laptop).
4. My brother (who is studying abroad) is coming home for the holidays.
5. The conference (held annually) is scheduled for next month.

11. Hyphen (-): Joins words or parts of words, often in compound adjectives.

Example:

1. She is a well-known author.
2. We need a high-quality camera for the project.
3. They live in a four-bedroom house.
4. The mother-in-law came to visit.
5. It was a long-term investment.

12. Ellipsis (…): Indicates omitted text or a pause in thought.

Example:

1. She wondered if he would come…
2. “I’m not sure… maybe we should ask someone else.”
3. The instructions were clear, but the end was missing…
4. He couldn’t believe what he was hearing…
5. “I thought we were going to…,” she said, trailing off.

Read Also:

• What is Collective Noun? Rules, Examples And Definition
• Use Of At, In And On: Rules, Examples And Sentences For Job
• What Is Countable Noun? Rules, Structure, Formula And Examples With Full Information
• What Is Common Noun? Definition, Rules, Structure And Examples With Full Information